CARNOSINE – Uses, Side Effects, and More

Babizhayev, M. A. Antioxidant activity of L-carnosine, a natural histidine-containing dipeptide in crystalline lens. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 8-22-1989;1004(3):363-371. View abstract.

Babizhayev, M. A., Deyev, A. I., and Linberg, L. F. Lipid peroxidation as a possible cause of cataract. Mech.Ageing Dev. 1988;44(1):69-89. View abstract.

Babizhayev, M. A., Deyev, A. I., Yermakova, V. N., Semiletov, Y. A., Davydova, N. G., Kurysheva, N. I., Zhukotskii, A. V., and Goldman, I. M. N-Acetylcarnosine, a natural histidine-containing dipeptide, as a potent ophthalmic drug in treatment of human cataracts. Peptides 2001;22(6):979-994. View abstract.

Babizhayev, M. A., Seguin, M. C., Gueyne, J., Evstigneeva, R. P., Ageyeva, E. A., and Zheltukhina, G. A. L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and carcinine (beta-alanylhistamine) act as natural antioxidants with hydroxyl-radical-scavenging and lipid-peroxidase activities. Biochem.J 12-1-1994;304 ( Pt 2):509-516. View abstract.

Babizhayev, M. A., Yermakova, V. N., Sakina, N. L., Evstigneeva, R. P., Rozhkova, E. A., and Zheltukhina, G. A. N alpha-acetylcarnosine is a prodrug of L-carnosine in ophthalmic application as antioxidant. Clin.Chim.Acta 10-15-1996;254(1):1-21. View abstract.

Bauman, M. and Kemper, T. L. Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology 1985;35(6):866-874. View abstract.

Begum, G., Cunliffe, A., and Leveritt, M. Physiological role of carnosine in contracting muscle. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2005;15(5):493-514. View abstract.

Bhuyan, K. C. and Bhuyan, D. K. Molecular mechanism of cataractogenesis: III. Toxic metabolites of oxygen as initiators of lipid peroxidation and cataract. Curr.Eye Res. 1984;3(1):67-81. View abstract.

Boldyrev, A. A., Dupin, A. M., Bunin, A. Y., Babizhaev, M. A., and Severin, S. E. The antioxidative properties of carnosine, a natural histidine containing dipeptide. Biochem.Int. 1987;15(6):1105-1113. View abstract.

Bowen, W. J. Effects of pH, buffers, carnosine, histidine, and beta-alanine on the shortening of glycerol-treated muscle fibers. Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 1965;112(3):436-442. View abstract.

Chez, M. G., Buchanan, C. P., Aimonovitch, M. C., Becker, M., Schaefer, K., Black, C., and Komen, J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J.Child Neurol. 2002;17(11):833-837. View abstract.

Guiotto, A., Calderan, A., Ruzza, P., and Borin, G. Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review. Curr.Med Chem. 2005;12(20):2293-2315. View abstract.

Guo, Y. and Yan, H. [Preventive effect of carnosine on cataract development]. Yan.Ke.Xue.Bao. 2006;22(2):85-88. View abstract.

Harris, R. C., Dunnett, M., and Greenhaff, P. L. Carnosine and taurine contents in individual fibres of human vastus lateralis muscle. J Sports Sci 1998;16:639-943.

Himukai, M. The characteristics of carnosine transport and carnosine-induced electrical phenomena by the everted intestine of guinea pig. Jpn J Physiol 1985;35(6):945-952. View abstract.

Hipkiss, A. R., Brownson, C., Bertani, M. F., Ruiz, E., and Ferro, A. Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 2002;959:285-294. View abstract.

Jackson, M. C., Kucera, C. M., and Lenney, J. F. Purification and properties of human serum carnosinase. Clin.Chim.Acta 2-15-1991;196(2-3):193-205. View abstract.

Lee, Y. T., Hsu, C. C., Lin, M. H., Liu, K. S., and Yin, M. C. Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. Eur.J Pharmacol. 4-18-2005;513(1-2):145-150. View abstract.

Maichuk, IuF, Formaziuk, V. E., and Sergienko, V. I. [Development of carnosine eyedrops and assessing their efficacy in corneal diseases]. Vestn.Oftalmol. 1997;113(6):27-31. View abstract.

Ozonoff, S., Strayer, D. L., McMahon, W. M., and Filloux, F. Executive function abilities in autism and Tourette syndrome: an information processing approach. J Child Psychol.Psychiatry 1994;35(6):1015-1032. View abstract.

Parkhouse, W. S., McKenzie, D. C., Hochachka, P. W., and Ovalle, W. K. Buffering capacity of deproteinized human vastus lateralis muscle. J Appl.Physiol 1985;58(1):14-17. View abstract.

Petroff, O. A., Hyder, F., Rothman, D. L., and Mattson, R. H. Homocarnosine and seizure control in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and complex partial seizures. Neurology 3-27-2001;56(6):709-715. View abstract.

Robertson, J. M., Donner, A. P., and Trevithick, J. R. A possible role for vitamins C and E in cataract prevention. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1991;53(1 Suppl):346S-351S. View abstract.

Suzuki, Y., Ito, O., Mukai, N., Takahashi, H., and Takamatsu, K. High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn.J.Physiol 2002;52(2):199-205. View abstract.

Suzuki, Y., Nakao, T., Maemura, H., Sato, M., Kamahara, K., Morimatsu, F., and Takamatsu, K. Carnosine and anserine ingestion enhances contribution of nonbicarbonate buffering. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(2):334-338. View abstract.

Takahashi, H. Studies on homocarnosine in cerebrospinal fluid in infancy and childhood. Part II. Homocarnosine levels in cerebrospinal fluid from children with epilepsy, febrile convulsion or meningitis. Brain Dev. 1981;3(3):263-270. View abstract.

Trombley, P. Q., Horning, M. S., and Blakemore, L. J. Carnosine modulates zinc and copper effects on amino acid receptors and synaptic transmission. Neuroreport 10-26-1998;9(15):3503-3507. View abstract.

Volkov, O. A., Neshkova, G. A., Moshetova, L. K., and Iarovaia, G. A. [The effect of carnosine on inflammatory processes during contusion of the eyeball]. Biomed.Khim. 2006;52(2):188-191. View abstract.

Abraham DA, Undela K, Narasimhan U, Rajanandh MG. Effect of L-carnosine in children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Amino Acids 2021;53(4):575-585. View abstract.

Ann Abraham D, Narasimhan U, Christy S, Muhasaparur Ganesan R. Effect of L-carnosine as adjunctive therapy in the management of children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled study. Amino Acids 2020;52(11-12):1521-1528. View abstract.

Arabzadeh S, Shahhossenie M, Mesgarpour B, Rezaei F, Shalbafan MR, Ghiasi Z, et al. L-carnosine as an adjuvant to fluvoxamine in treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A randomized double-blind study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017;32(4). doi: 10.1002/hup.2584. View abstract.

Araminia B, Shalbafan M, Mortezaei A, et al. L-Carnosine combination therapy for major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2020;267:131-6. View abstract.

Baguet A, Bourgois J, Vanhee L, Achten E, Derave W. Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010;109(4):1096-101. View abstract.

Baraniuk JN, El-Amin S, Corey R, Rayhan R, Timbol C. Carnosine treatment for gulf war illness: a randomized controlled trial. Glob J Health Sci 2013;5(3):69-81. View abstract.

Baye E, Ukropec J, de Courten MPJ, et al. Carnosine Supplementation Improves Serum Resistin Concentrations in Overweight or Obese Otherwise Healthy Adults: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):E1258. View abstract.

Baye E, Ukropec J, de Courten MPJ, et al. Carnosine supplementation reduces plasma soluble transferrin receptor in healthy overweight or obese individuals: a pilot randomised trial. Amino Acids. 2019;51(1):73-81. View abstract.

Blancquaert L, Everaert I, Baguet A, et al. Acute preexercise supplementation of combined carnosine and anserine enhances initial maximal power of Wingate tests in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021;130(6):1868-1878. View abstract.

Brownson C, Hipkiss AR. Carnosine reacts with a glycated protein. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1564-1570.. View abstract.

Caruso G, Godos J, Castellano S, et al. The therapeutic potential of carnosine/anserine supplementation against cognitive decline: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Biomedicines 2021;9(3):253. View abstract.

Chengappa KN, Turkin SR, DeSanti S, et al. A preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnosine to improve cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012;142(1-3):145-52. View abstract.

Chung W, Baguet A, Bex T, Bishop DJ, Derave W. Doubling of muscle carnosine concentration does not improve laboratory 1-hr cycling time-trial performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2014;24(3):315-24. View abstract.

Federici A, Federici G, Milani M. Use of a urea, arginine and carnosine cream versus a standard emollient glycerol cream for treatment of severe xerosis of the feet in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, 8 month, assessor-blinded, controlled trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2015;31(6):1063-9. View abstract.

Guliaeva NV. Superoxide-scavenging activity of carnosine in the presence of copper and zinc ions. Biokhimiia 1987;52:1216-1220.. View abstract.

Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, et al. The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 2006;30:279-89. View abstract.

Hipkiss AR, Chana H. Carnosine protects proteins against methylglyoxal-mediated modifications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;248:28-32. View abstract.

Hipkiss AR, Preston JE, Himswoth DT, et al. Protective effects of carnosine against malondialdehyde-induced toxicity towards cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett 1997;238:135-8.. View abstract.

Hipkiss, A. R. Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated pathologies? Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci 2006;1067:369-374. View abstract.

Hisatsune T, Kaneko J, Kurashige H, et al. Effect of anserine/carnosine supplementation on verbal episodic memory in elderly people. J Alzheimers Dis 2016;50(1):149-59. View abstract.

Horning MS, Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection: role of zinc, copper, and carnosine. Brain Res 2000;852:56-61. View abstract.

Iacovelli NA, Ingargiola R, Facchinetti N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study to evaluate the efficacy of Aqualief(TM) mucoadhesive tablets in head and neck cancer patients who developed radiation-induced xerostomia. Cancers (Basel) 2021;13(14):3456. View abstract.

Invernizzi PL, Limonta E, Riboli A, Bosio A, Scurati R, Esposito F. Effects of acute carnosine and ß-alanine on isometric force and jumping performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016;11(3):344-9. View abstract.

Kantha SS, Wada S, Tanaka H, et al. Carnosine sustains the retention of cell morphology in continuous fibroblast culture subjected to nutritional insult. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;223:278-82. View abstract.

Karkabounas S, Papadopoulos N, Anastasiadou C, et al. Effects of a-lipoic Acid, carnosine, and thiamine supplementation in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind study. J Med Food. 2018;21(12):1197-1203. View abstract.

Levrini L, Azzi L, Bossi S. The efficacy of a dietary supplement with carnosine and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (AqualiefTM) in patients with xerostomia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Clin Ter 2020;171(4):e295-e301. View abstract.

Limonta E, Invernizzi PL, Rampichini S, et al. Acute carnosine and ß-alanine supplementation increase the compensated part of the ventilation versus work rate relationship during a ramp incremental cycle test in physically active men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021;61(1):37-43. View abstract.

Liu Y, Cotillard A, Vatier C, et al. A Dietary Supplement Containing Cinnamon, Chromium and Carnosine Decreases Fasting Plasma Glucose and Increases Lean Mass in Overweight or Obese Pre-Diabetic Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138646. View abstract.

Lombardi C, Carubelli V, Lazzarini V, et al. Effects of oral administration of orodispersible levo-carnosine on quality of life and exercise performance in patients with chronic heart failure. Nutrition 2015;31(1):72-8. View abstract.

Lorenze A, Hsueh W, Nasr J. Beta-sitosterol-induced acute pancreatitis: A case report and review of the literature. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7407. View abstract.

Maynard LM, Boissonneault GA, Chow CK, Bruckner GG. High levels of dietary carnosine are associated with increased concentrations of carnosine and histidine in rat soleus muscle. J Nutr 2001;131:287-90. View abstract.

Mehrazad-Saber Z, Kheirouri S, Noorazar SG. Effects of l-Carnosine Supplementation on Sleep Disorders and Disease Severity in Autistic Children: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;123(1):72-77. View abstract.

Mutolo MG, Albanese G, Rusciano D, Pescosolido N. Oral administration of forskolin, homotaurine, carnosine, and folic acid in patients with primary open angle glaucoma: changes in intraocular pressure, pattern electroretinogram amplitude, and foveal sensitivity. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016;32(3):178-83. View abstract.

Narda M, Peno-Mazzarino L, Krutmann J, Trullas C, Granger C. Novel Facial Cream Containing Carnosine Inhibits Formation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in Human Skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2018;31(6):324-331. View abstract.

Palmieri B, Vadalà M. The role of Carcinine treatment on glico-lipidic imbalance of patients with altered blood glucose pattern. Clin Ter 2023;174(2):195-202. View abstract.

Peng W, Mao P, Liu L, et al. Effect of carnosine supplementation on lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, HbA1C and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2020;48:102241. View abstract.

Preston JE, Hipkiss AR, Himsworth DT, et al. Toxic effects of beta-amyloid(25-35) on immortalised rat brain endothelial cell: protection by carnosine, homocarnosine and beta-alanine. Neurosci Lett 1998;242:105-8.. View abstract.

Sakae K, Agata T, Kamide R, Yanagisawa H. Effects of L-carnosine and its zinc complex (Polaprezinc) on pressure ulcer healing. Nutr Clin Pract 2013;28(5):609-16. View abstract.

Siriwattanasit N, Satirapoj B, Supasyndh O. Effect of oral carnosine supplementation on urinary TGF-ß in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nephrol 2021;22(1):236. View abstract.

Sureshkumar K, Durairaj M, Srinivasan K, et al. Effect of L-Carnosine in Patients with Age-Related Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2023;28(1):18. View abstract.

Tharoor H, Maran S, Chandan AK, Pari M, Rao S, Durairaj J. Cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia with L-Carnosine adjuvant therapy – A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023;11(2):e01074. View abstract.

Zaloga GP, Roberts PR, Black KW, et al. Carnosine is a novel peptide modulator of intracellular calcium and contractility in cardiac cells. Am J Physiol 1997;272:H462-8. View abstract.