What is a retinal hemorrhage?
A retinal hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding in your retina. Hemorrhages are any type of bleeding from a damaged blood vessel. Retinal hemorrhages can be caused by traumas (like getting hit in the head) and health conditions that affect your eyes or blood vessels.
Most people have a retinal hemorrhage in only one eye at a time (a unilateral retinal hemorrhage). It’s less common, but it’s also possible to develop retinal hemorrhages in both eyes at the same time (bilateral retinal hemorrhage).
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Some people never know they have a retinal hemorrhage and don’t experience any symptoms. Others lose vision. The damage can be permanent depending on what causes a retinal hemorrhage in your eye and how much bleeding there is.
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How healthcare providers treat a retinal hemorrhage depends on its cause. Many retinal hemorrhages don’t need treatment. You’ll need injections, laser treatment or surgery if you have a retinal hemorrhage that affects your vision or that could cause permanent blindness.
Visit your eye care specialist as soon as you notice any changes in your eyes or vision. Go to the emergency room (ER) if you suddenly lose the ability to see in one or both eyes.
What are the types of retinal hemorrhages?
Your eye care specialist will classify a retinal hemorrhage based on where it develops on your retina. Additionally, they might refer to the hemorrhage based on its shape or what it looks like. A retinal hemorrhage can also be multilayered — a retinal hemorrhage that affects more than one part of your retina.
The most common types of retinal hemorrhages include:
- Intraretinal hemorrhages: Intraretinal hemorrhages are tears or breaks in the tissue of your retina itself. They’re sometimes called dot-and-blot hemorrhages.
- Retinal nerve fiber layer hemorrhages: The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is the group of nerve cells that connect your retina to your optic nerve. Flame hemorrhages, disc or Drance hemorrhages and splinter hemorrhages all affect the RNFL.
- Preretinal hemorrhages: Preretinal hemorrhages are tears in the membrane that separates your vitreous cavity from your retina. They’re sometimes referred to as boat-shaped or D-shaped hemorrhages.
- Vitreous hemorrhages: Your eyeballs are filled with vitreous gel — a gel made of water and collagen. Vitreous hemorrhages happen when your retina bleeds into the vitreous cavity in your eye.
Who gets retinal hemorrhages?
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Anyone can experience a retinal hemorrhage. People with certain health conditions are more likely to develop one, including:
- High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia).
- High blood pressure (hypertension).
- Atherosclerosis.
- Diabetes.
- Macular degeneration.
People who take blood thinners like (aspirin or warfarin) have a higher risk of retinal hemorrhages.
Babies are sometimes born with a retinal hemorrhage. Around half of babies born via assisted delivery (like vacuum extraction and forceps delivery) have a retinal hemorrhage at birth.
It’s more common for adults older than 40 to experience a retinal hemorrhage as they develop common age-related eye problems.
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