Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2020

Group Results By: Select up to five variables that serve as keys for grouping your data. See Group Results By below for hints. Measures: If checked, these measures will appear in the results table. Click “+” to select Additional Rate Options, such as archive populations, and selecting the populations for weighting age-adjusted rates. Title: Enter any desired description to display as a title with your results. Additional Rate Options: Click the “+” to open this section, and select more measures for rates. The options vary, depending on your selections in the Measures section above. For example, when you check Age-Adjusted Rates in the Measures section, then you can choose a standard population for weighting the age-adjusted rates, or you can select criteria to define a non-standard population for weights, in the Additional Rate Options section. For more information, see Additional Rate Options Group Results By…

Select up to five variables that serve as keys for grouping your data. For example, you could select to group (summarize, stratify, index) your data by State and by County.

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Death Counts

The death counts in the data represent deaths that occurred in the 50 United States and the district of Columbia, for the legal place of residence of the decedent. See Mortality data for more information.

Crude Rates

Crude Rates are expressed as the number of deaths reported each calendar year per the factor you select. The default factor is per 100,000 population, reporting the death rate per 100,000 persons.

Crude Rate = Count / Population * 100,000

See Frequently Asked Questions about Death Rates .

Age-Adjusted Rates

Age-adjusted death rates are weighted averages of the age-specific death rates, where the weights represent a fixed population by age. They are used to compare relative mortality risk among groups and over time. An age-adjusted rate represents the rate that would have existed had the age-specific rates of the particular year prevailed in a population whose age distribution was the same as that of the fixed population. Age-adjusted rates should be viewed as relative indexes rather than as direct or actual measures of mortality risk.

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The year “2000 U.S. standard” is the default population selection for the calculation of age-adjusted rates. However, you can select other standard populations, or select specific population criteria to determine the age distribution ratios. See Frequently Asked Questions about Death Rates for more information.

The rates of almost all causes of death vary by age. Age adjustment is a technique for “removing” the effects of age from crude rates, so as to allow meaningful comparisons across populations with different underlying age structures. For example, comparing the crude rate of heart disease in Florida to that of California is misleading, because the relatively older population in Florida will lead to a higher crude death rate, even if the age-specific rates of heart disease in Florida and California are the same. For such a comparison, age-adjusted rates are preferable. Age-adjusted rates should be viewed as relative indexes rather than as direct or actual measures of mortality risk.

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) age-adjusts death rates using the direct method. That is, by applying age-specific death rates (Ri) to the U.S. standard population age distribution.

R’ = S i ( Psi / Ps ) R i

where Psi is the standard population for age group i and Ps is the total U.S. standard population (all ages combined).

In the direct method, a standard age distribution is chosen and the age-specific death rates are weighted according to the standard. A reasonable choice for the standard is the U.S. total population (all races, both genders) for the year under study. To permit comparison of death rates from year to year, a standard population is used. Beginning with the 1999 data year, NCHS adopted the year 2000 projected population of the United States as the standard population. This new standard replaces the 1940 standard population that was used by NCHS for over 50 years. The new population standard affects the level of mortality and to some extent trends and group comparisons. Of particular note are the effects on race comparison of mortality. For detailed discussion, see:

Beginning with publications of the year 2003 data, the traditional standard million population along with corresponding standard weights to six decimal places were replaced by the projected year 2000 population age distribution (see 2000 Standard Population below). The effect of the change is negligible and does not significantly affect comparability with age-adjusted rates calculated using the previous method.

Age-Adjusted Rates Hints:

• Age-Adjusted Rates are optional; see Measures in Step 1 and Additional Rate Options .
• Rates are calculated per 100,000 population by default. See Additional Rate Options to select the factor for rate calculations.
• Select the precision for rate calculations in the Other Options section. You can also change precision in the Results tab, using Table Options. When the rate calculated for a small numerator (incidence count) is zero, you may increase the precision to reveal the rate by showing more numbers to the right of the decimal point.
• Age-adjusted rates cannot be calculated when the data are grouped by Age Group.
• Age-adjusted rates are not calculated when only one age group is selected (the effect is a ratio of one).
• Age-adjusted rates are not available for “Infant age groups” because the populations for these age groups are the number of live births in the given time period, the same population denominator for each infant age group.
• Standard age-adjusted rates (calculated with standard populations) are only available for Ten-Year Age Groups.

Notes:

• Rates are suppressed for statistics representing zero to nine (0-9) deaths in years 1999 and later. Corresponding denominator population figures are also suppressed when the population represents fewer than 10 persons. See Assurance of Confidentiality for more information.
• Rates are marked as “unreliable” when the death count is less than 20.
• Rates are marked as “not applicable” when the denominator population figure is unavailable, such as “not stated” or unknown age or ethnicity.
• Deaths of persons with “not stated” or unknown age are not included in the calculation of age-adjusted rates.
• Age-specific death rates are rounded to 1 decimal place, before the weights are applied for the age distributions in the standard population. This approach matches NCHS publications, yet may be more noticeable in the precision of rates calculated for small numbers of deaths.
• If a “non-standard” population is selected for age-adjusted rates, then the actual population estimates for the specified year are used to determine the specific age-distribution ratios (or weights) used in the calculation.
• The following standard populations (see tables below) are options for computing age-adjusted rates:
  • year 2000 Standard Population
  • year 2000 U.S. Standard Million Population
  • year 1970 U.S. Standard Million Population
  • year 1940 U.S. Standard Million Population
  • World Standard Million (WHO 2000-2025)
  • World Standard Million (Segi 1960)
• The 2000 Standard Population is a projected population, developed before the April 1, 2000 enumerated Census occurred. For more information, see the following publications:
  • Age Standardization of Death Rates: Implementation of the Year 2000 Standard
  • Age-adjusted Death Rates: Trend Data Based on the Year 2000 Standard Population
  • The Effect of Revised Populations on Mortality Statistics for the United States, 2000

95% Confidence Intervals for Rates

You can request 95% confidence intervals calculated for death rates. The method for confidence intervals calculated for 100 or more deaths differs slightly from the method for confidence intervals calculated for 99 or fewer deaths.

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Standard Errors for Rates

You can request standard errors calculated for death rates.

Additional Rate Options:

Step 2. Select location:

State abbreviation and name FIPS code ________________________________________ Northeast Census Region: CT Connecticut 09 ME Maine 23 MA Massachusetts 25 NH New Hampshire 33 NJ New Jersey 34 NY New York 36 PA Pennsylvania 42 RI Rhode Island 44 VT Vermont 50 ________________________________________ Midwest Census Region: IL Illinois 17 IN Indiana 18 IA Iowa 19 KS Kansas 20 MI Michigan 26 MN Minnesota 27 MO Missouri 29 NE Nebraska 31 ND North Dakota 38 OH Ohio 39 SD South Dakota 46 WI Wisconsin 55 ________________________________________ South Census Region: AL Alabama 01 AR Arkansas 05 DE Delaware 10 DC District of Columbia 11 FL Florida 12 GA Georgia 13 KY Kentucky 21 LA Louisiana 22 MD Maryland 24 MS Mississippi 28 NC North Carolina 37 OK Oklahoma 40 SC South Carolina 45 TN Tennessee 47 TX Texas 48 VA Virginia 51 WV West Virginia 54 ________________________________________ West Census Region: AK Alaska 02 AZ Arizona 04 CA California 06 CO Colorado 08 HI Hawaii 15 ID Idaho 16 MT Montana 30 NV Nevada 32 NM New Mexico 35 OR Oregon 41 UT Utah 49 WA Washington 53 WY Wyoming 56 ________________________________________

Census Division

Census Divisions are multi-state groups, sub-sets of Census Regions. You can group by Census Division, or select any combination of individual Census Divisions.

HHS Regions

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) groups the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories into ten reporting regions, referred to as the HHS regions. Any number of locations can be specified here.

Health and Human Services (HHS) Regions List of States 1 Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont 2 New Jersey, New York (data for Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands are not included) 3 Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia 4 Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee 5 Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin 6 Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas 7 Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska 8 Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming 9 Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada (data for American Samoa and Guam are not included) 10 Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington

State

For state level data, you can select any combination of individual states. Or group by State and leave the Location Finder selection at the default (all locations or the 50 United States and the District of Columbia).

County

County-level data are available for the United States and the District of Columbia. For county level data, you can select any combination of individual counties, or group by County. Leave the Location Finder selection at the default (all locations or the 50 United States and the District of Columbia).

Urbanization

Use the radio buttons to select either the 2006 or the 2013 NCHS Urban-Rural Scheme for Counties. Select All Categories or any combination of values: Large Central Metro, Large Fringe Metro, Medium Metro, Small Metro, Micropolitan (non-metro), NonCore (non-metro). Each county is classified as one of six categories. Each death is associated with a category based on the county of the person’s legal residence.

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