Drug Levels
No published information was found as of the revision date on milk levels of lecithin components following maternal supplementation. However, lecithin components are normally found in breastmilk as reported below.
Maternal Levels. A study of human milk from mothers of preterm (n = 17) and fullterm (n = 16) infants found several lecithin components, such as choline, phosphocholine, and phosphatidylcholine. Choline levels in fullterm milk were higher (116 micromoles/L) than in preterm milk (98 micromoles/L). Choline ester concentrations were not different between the two types of milk. Phosphatidylcholine choline levels were slightly higher (90 micromoles/L) than in fullterm milk (82 micromoles/L), but the difference was not statistically significant.[8]
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Longitudinal analysis of human milk samples from 8 mothers found that choline levels increased from 110 micromoles/L during days 2 to 6 postpartum to 210 micromoles/L during days 7 to 22. Phosphatidylcholine increased from 70 micromoles/L to 100 micromoles/L over the same time periods.[9]
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Nursing women collected breastmilk by manual expression prior to the midday feeding of their infant. One hundred fifty-three milk samples were analyzed for free choline and choline-containing compounds. Colostrum samples (n = 21) from 21 women contained an average of 676 micromoles/L of total choline. Mature breastmilk from 37 women who were 12 to 180 days postpartum contained significantly higher levels of total choline than colostrum, averaging from 1349 to 1595 micromoles/L of total choline.[10]
A study of 103 pregnant women measured the choline content of their milk through 45 days postpartum. Participants were given a daily supplement of 5400 mg of phosphatidylcholine (PhosChol brand) equal to 750 mg of choline (n = 48) or a placebo (n = 48). The daily dosage was divided equally between morning and evening. At 45 days postpartum, breastmilk choline concentrations were statistically different at 83 micromoles/L in the placebo group and 106 micromoles/L in the supplemented group. Phosphatidylcholine concentrations were not statistically different at 107 micromoles/L in the placebo group and 113 micromoles/L in the supplemented group.[11]
Lactating women were given either 480 or 930 mg of choline daily. Both doses increased the breastmilk content of the choline metabolites, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, glycine and trimethylamine oxide.[12]
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Water-soluble forms of choline were measured in the breastmilk of Canadian (n = 301) and Cambodian (n = 67) mothers. Mean concentrations were free choline, 151 micromoles/L; phosphocholine 540 micromoles/L; glycerophosphocholine 411 micromoles/L and the sum of water-soluble forms of choline 1102 micromoles/L. Values did not differ between the 2 countries.[13]
A longitudinal study in China measured the changes in choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin in a group of mothers up to 400 days postpartum. Statistically significant changes were found in the concentrations of each of these components over time.[14]
Thirty-three mothers of very low birthweight infants donated milk samples twice weekly during a randomized, controlled study. Average milk content of various components were as follows: free choline 17.2 mg/L, glycerophosphocholine 65.4 mg/L, phosphocholine 67.1 mg/L, betaine 0.6 mg/L, phosphatidylcholine 20.1 mg/L, lyso-phosphatidylcholine 2 mg/L, and sphingomyelin 4.8 mg/L.[5]
Infant Levels. Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
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